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Free radicals are atoms or groups of atoms with unpaired electrons. Because electrons like to exist in pairs, free radicals try to steal electrons from other molecules in order to even out their odd number. In the process, these highly reactive substances can start unwanted chain reactions of free-radical formation in the body. The main threat in this scenario is the terrible damage free radicals can do to important cellular components, including DNA. This damage may cause cells to function poorly and possibly even lead to increased rate of aging and a variety of problematic health conditions. Later we will see The Benefits of Negative Ions for Free Radicals.

As noted in the research undertaken by Toyota in 2002, negative ion exposure can increase cognitive performance. Years before this publication, however, researchers R.A.Duffee and R.H.Koontz were investigating ions and witnessing similar results.